{"id":13410,"date":"2021-02-01T13:18:17","date_gmt":"2021-02-01T13:18:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/biserici-fortificate\/geschichte\/"},"modified":"2023-03-21T15:27:32","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T15:27:32","slug":"istorie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/biserici-fortificate\/istorie\/","title":{"rendered":"Istorie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Aproape nicio alt\u0103 regiune din Europa nu \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 la fel de bine coralul lui Martin Luther &#8222;Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott&#8221; \/ &#8222;O cetate solid\u0103 este Dumnezeul nostru&#8221; ca bisericile fortificate din sudul Transilvaniei. Aici, \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul imigra\u021biei sa\u0219ilor transilv\u0103neni la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XII-lea, au fost construite numeroase biserici fortificate, dintre care \u00eenc\u0103 se mai p\u0103streaz\u0103 aproximativ 160.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu elementele lor defensive, arhitectura sacral\u0103 impresionant\u0103 \u0219i mobilierul bogat, bisericile fortificate sunt opere de art\u0103 rurale pitore\u0219ti. Ele caracterizeaz\u0103 peisajul cultural transilv\u0103nean, unde rom\u00e2nii, maghiarii, germanii, romii \u0219i alte grupuri etnice au tr\u0103it al\u0103turi timp de secole. Bisericile fortificate sunt martorele unui capitol special al istoriei europene \u0219i sunt reprezentative pentru tradi\u021bia \u00eendelungat\u0103 \u0219i divers\u0103 a acestei regiuni, care a fost modelat\u0103 de diferite culturi, popoare \u0219i obiceiuri.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"931\" height=\"708\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/SKB-Ge.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/SKB-Ge.jpg 931w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/SKB-Ge-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 931px) 100vw, 931px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">Etape constructive ilustrate pe baza modelului bisericii fortificate Dealu Frumos<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK1-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK1-2.jpg 528w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK1-2-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bazilic\u0103 roman\u0103, cu trei nave \u0219i palisad\u0103 din lemn si p\u0103m\u00e2nt (prima jum\u0103tate a secolului 13.)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK2S.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK2S.jpg 528w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK2S-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bazilic\u0103 roman\u0103 cu turn vestic \u00een\u0103l\u021bat (secolul 13)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK3-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK3-2.jpg 528w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK3-2-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biseric\u0103 cu dou\u0103 turnuri, nav\u0103 supra\u00een\u0103l\u021bat\u0103 \u0219i incint\u0103 oval\u0103 (sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului 13. \u0219i inceputul secolului 14)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK4-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK4-1.jpg 528w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK4-1-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biseric\u0103 fortificat\u0103 cu zid de incint\u0103 din piatr\u0103, turn de poart\u0103 \u0219i turnuri de ap\u0103rare (secolul 15)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK5-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK5-1.jpg 528w, https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/SK5-1-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biseric\u0103 fortificat\u0103 cu elemente defensive complexe (sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului 15 \u0219i \u00eenceputul secolului 16)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>O importan\u021b\u0103 deosebit\u0103 a fost acordat\u0103 ap\u0103r\u0103rii noilor a\u0219ez\u0103ri, \u00eencep\u00e2nd, cel t\u00e2rziu de la invazia mongol\u0103 (1241-1242). Ini\u021bial, bisericile au fost construite pe terenuri \u00eenalte, iar mai t\u00e2rziu bisericile s\u0103te\u0219ti au fost fortificate cu \u0219an\u021buri \u0219i palisade. La \u00eenceputul secolului al XV-lea, dup\u0103 primele invazii otomane, \u0219an\u021burile \u0219i palisadele au fost \u00eenlocuite de ziduri inelare cu turnuri de ap\u0103rare. \u00cen interiorul bisericilor fortificate au fost construite hambare \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103peri, folosite ca ad\u0103post \u00een vremuri de asediu. Cl\u0103dirile bisericilor, cu excep\u021bia celor din \u021aara B\u00e2rsei, au fost \u0219i ele prev\u0103zute cu elemente defensive: \u00eentre nav\u0103 \u0219i acoperi\u0219 erau construite zone de ap\u0103rare, ini\u021bial \u00een stil Fachwerk, iar mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een form\u0103 de bolt\u0103, sus\u021binut\u0103 de contraforturi. \u00cen zona Seca\u0219elor \u0219i Valea H\u00e2rtibaciului, zona corului a fost \u00een\u0103l\u021bat\u0103 cu suprastructuri asem\u0103n\u0103toare unor turnuri, care, asemenea turnurilor de vest, au fost prev\u0103zute cu creneluri. Portalurile au fost zidite, iar bisericile au fost prev\u0103zute cu intr\u0103ri laterale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La \u00eenceputul secolului al XVIII-lea, odat\u0103 cu venirea unor vremuri mai pa\u0219nice, fortifica\u021biile \u0219i-au pierdut func\u021bia defensiv\u0103 ini\u021bial\u0103. \u00cen secolul al XIX-lea, o parte dintre bisericile fortificate au renun\u021bat la zidurile de ap\u0103rare, valorificand materialele folosite din demolare \u00een construc\u021bia de \u0219coli, case parohiale \u0219i s\u0103li comunitare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aproape nicio alt\u0103 regiune din Europa nu \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 la fel de bine coralul lui Martin Luther &#8222;Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott&#8221; \/ &#8222;O cetate solid\u0103 este Dumnezeul nostru&#8221; ca bisericile fortificate din sudul Transilvaniei. Aici, \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul imigra\u021biei sa\u0219ilor transilv\u0103neni la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului al XII-lea, au fost construite numeroase biserici fortificate, dintre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1393,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13410","page","type-page","status-publish","czr-hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13410"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17657,"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13410\/revisions\/17657"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kirchenburgen.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}